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Senate of the Roman Kingdom
The Senate of the Roman Kingdom was a political institution in the ancient Roman Kingdom. The word ''senate'' derives from the Latin word ''senex'', which means "old man". Therefore, ''senate'' literally means "board of old men" and translates as "Council of Elders". The prehistoric Indo-Europeans who settled Rome in the centuries before the legendary founding of Rome in 753 BC〔Abbott, 3〕 were structured into tribal communities.〔Abbott, 1〕 These tribal communities often included an aristocratic board of tribal elders, who were vested with supreme authority over their tribe.〔Abbott, 12〕 The early tribes that had settled along the banks of the Tiber eventually aggregated into a loose confederation, and later formed an alliance for protection against invaders.
The early Romans were deeply patriarchal. The early Roman family was called a ''gens'' or "clan".〔Abbott, 1〕 Each clan was an aggregation of families under a common living male patriarch, called a ''pater'' (the Latin word for "father"). The ''pater'' was the undisputed master of his clan.〔Abbott, 6〕 He had the absolute power to resolve any disputes, and to make any decisions for the collective ''gens''. When the early Roman ''gens'' were aggregating to form a common community, the ''patres'' from the leading clans were selected〔Abbott, 16〕 for the confederated board of elders (what would become the Roman Senate).〔Abbott, 6〕 Legend states that the senate grew to a membership of 300 after three blocks of 100 senators were added at fixed points in time. What likely happened, however, was a gradual aggregation of ''patres'' over time, as more clans achieved high status.〔Abbott, 16〕 The early senate derived its ultimate sovereignty from the fact that it was composed of the patriarchal heads of the leading families. As the individual ''patres'' led their families, the board of ''patres'' led the confederation of those families. In time, the ''patres'' came to recognize the need for a single leader. Therefore, they elected a king (''rex''),〔Abbott, 6〕 and vested in him their sovereign power.〔Byrd, 42〕 The king presided over the senate, appointed individuals to the senate (for life), and expelled individuals from the senate. When the king died, his sovereign power naturally reverted to the ''patres''.〔Abbott, 6〕
==Origin and Development==
According to Livy the Senate, initially consisting of 100 men, was created by Rome's first king, Romulus. The descendants of those 100 men subsequently became the patrician class.〔Livy, ''Ab urbe condita'', 1:8〕
100 more were added to the Senate by Rome's fifth king, Lucius Tarquinius Priscus, from amongst the minor leading families.〔Livy, ''Ab urbe condita'', 1:35〕
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